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Shoulder Anatomy
Shoulder Ligaments
Shoulder Ligaments
Written By: Chloe Wilson BSc (Hons) PhysiotherapyReviewed By: SPE Medical Review Board ![]() The shoulder ligaments are tough, elastic bands of connective tissues. They connect bone to bone, support the shoulder joints and limit their movement, playing a vital role in passive shoulder stability. The shoulder is made up of a number of different joints, and each of these joints are supported by a number of ligaments. The shoulder ligaments help to reinforce and support the joint capsules, draw the bones together and resist dislocation. Ligaments are made up of tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that contain strong collagen fibres. As we age, the collagen fibres in ligaments change from being wavy to being straight, which makes them less elastic and stiffer, and therefore more prone to damage. Here we will look at the different shoulder ligaments, where they are, how they work, why they are so important and what can go wrong. Shoulder Joint LigamentsThe shoulder ligaments work together to connect the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collar bone) and sternum (breast bone) through a series of joints: Glenohumeral Joint: a ball and socket joint between the humeral head and the glenoid fossa (part of the scapula). More commonly referred to as the shoulder jointAcromioclavicular Joint: the joint between the acromion (part of the shoulder blade) and the clavicleSternoclavicular Joint: the joint between the clavicle and the sternumAny movement of the arm, particularly above head height involves movement at each of these joints and the shoulder ligaments play an important role in controlling the movement. So let’s look at the nine main shoulder ligaments, where they are and what they do. 1. Glenohumeral LigamentsThe glenohumeral ligaments are one of the most important group of shoulder ligaments at the glenohumeral joint. ![]() There are four glenohumeral ligaments found on the front of the shoulder joint, the superior glenohumeral ligament, medial glenohumeral ligament, the inferior glenohumeral ligament and the spiral glenohumeral ligament, but not everyone has all four. They connect the humerus bone to the glenoid cavity on the scapula bone in various different places. Function: the glenohumeral ligaments help to reinforce the glenohumeral joint capsule and improve stability at the front of the joint, particularly with shoulder abduction, adduction and external rotation. All four ligaments help reduce the risk of anteroinferior shoulder dislocation. Superior Glenohumeral Ligament (SGHL)Origin: apex (top) of the glenoid fossa near the root of the coracoid process Insertion: upper portion of the lesser tubercle of the humerus Special Features: Stabilises the biceps brachii tendon. Present in 98% of the population Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (IGHL)Origin: inferior (lower) edge of the glenoid fossa Insertion: anatomical neck of the humerus, just above the lesser tuberosity Special Features: Strongest of the four glenohumeral ligaments and the main stabiliser of the shoulder when it is abducted. Present in 94% of the population Medial Glenohumeral Ligament (MGHL)Origin: medial (inner) edge of the glenoid fossa Insertion: lower part of the lesser tubercle of the humerus Special Features: aka Middle Glenohumeral Ligament. Present in 88% of the population. Spiral Glenohumeral Ligament (SpGHL)Origin: infraglenoid tubercle Insertion: less tubercle of the humerus with subscapularis tendon Special Features: Reinforces the anterior joint capsule. The spiral ligament is the least common glenohumeral ligament, only found in around 45% of the population 2. Coracohumeral Ligament![]() The coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is a broad shoulder ligament divided into two bands, the superior and inferior bands. Function: the coracohumeral ligament reinforces and strengthens the upper part of the glenohumeral joint capsule, and protects the head of humerus. Superior BandOrigin: lateral (outer) border of the base of the coracoid process Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus with supraspinatus tendon Inferior BandOrigin: lateral surface of the base of the coracoid process Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus 3. Acromioclavicular LigamentThe acromioclavicular jligament (ACL) runs horizontally, connecting the shoulder blade and collar bone. It has two parts, the superior acromioclavicular ligament and the inferior acromioclavicular ligament. Function: The acromioclavicular ligament reinforces the superior (upper) portion of the joint capsule and provides horizontal stability at the AC joint Superior Acromioclavicular LigamentOrigin: Superior (upper) surface of the acromion Insertion: lateral (outer) end of the clavicle Inferior Acromioclavicular LigamentOrigin: inferior (lower) surface of the acromion Insertion: lateral end of the clavicle 4. Coracoclavicular LigamentThe coracoclavicular ligament (CCL) also connects the shoulder blade to the collar bone. It is made up of two small, but strong parts, the conoid ligament at the back and the trapezoid ligament at the front. The conoid ligament, shaped like an inverted cone, lies medial to the thinner trapezoid ligament. Function: The coracoclavicular ligament is extremely strong, carries a large load and keeps the scapula attached to the clavicle which provides the square shape to your shoulders. It provides vertical stability at the ACJ and transmits weight from the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Conoid LigamentOrigin: posterior surface and root of the coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: conoid tubercle on the inferior surface of the clavicle Trapezoid LigamentOrigin: superior (upper) surface of the coracoid process Insertion: trapezoid line on the under surface of the lateral clavicle 5. Coracoacromial LigamentOne of the major shoulder ligaments, the coracoacromial ligament (CAL), is a strong triangular shaped ligament. It connects two parts of the scapula forming an arch over the top of the glenohumeral joint known as the coracoacromial arch. The rotator cuff tendons run under this arch. Function: The coracoacromial shoulder ligament protects the head of humerus, increases shoulder stability and prevents superior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. It also transmits loads across the scapula Origin: lateral border of the coracoid process Insertion: inferior anterolateral surface of the acromion Thickening of the coracoacromial ligament often results in impingement syndrome as it reduces the subacromial space. 6. Transverse Humeral LigamentThe transverse humeral ligament (THL), aka Brodie’s Ligament, is slightly different to the other shoulder ligaments as it doesn’t cross a joint. Instead it spans the gap between the greater and lesser tubercles at the humeral head Function: The transverse humeral ligament holds the long head of biceps tendon into position in the intertubercular groove. Origin: Greater tubercle of the humerus Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the humerus (intertubercular sulcus) 7. Sternoclavicular Ligaments![]() The sternoclavicular ligaments (SCL) connects the collar bone with the breast bone. There are two parts to this shoulder ligament, the anterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, found at the front and back of the joint respectively. Function: The sternoclavicular ligaments reinforce the joint capsule and help to stabilise the sternoclavicular joint. They limits anterior/posterior translation of the clavicle i.e. stop it moving too far forwards and backwards Anterior Sternoclavicular LigamentOrigin: medial end of the clavicle Insertion: Anterosuperior manubrium on the sternum Special Features: limits excess superior displacement at the joint and resists upward rotation and lateral movement of the clavicle Posterior Sternoclavicular LigamentOrigin: posterior surface (back) of the sternal end of the clavicle Insertion: Posterosuperior manubrium Special Features: resists downward rotation and medial movement of the clavicle 8. Costoclavicular LigamentThe costoclavicular ligament (CCL) connects the first rib to the collar bone and is a short, flat but very strong ligament. It is also known as Halsted’s Ligament or the rhomboid ligament due to its shape. Function: The Costoclavicular ligament is the main stabilising structure of the sternoclavicular joint, reinforcing the inferior aspect underneath the sternoclavicular joint. It limits clavicle and shoulder girdle elevation and anteroposterior movement (forwards and backwards) at the sternoclavicular joint Origin: superior (upper) surface of the 1st rib and its cartilage Insertion: costal tuberosity on the inferomedial aspect of the clavicle 9. Interclavicular LigamentThe interclavicular ligament (ICL) is a flattened band that spans the gaps between the both clavicles running along the upper surface of the sternoclavicular joint. Function: The interclavicular shoulder ligament reinforces the top part of the sternoclavicular joint capsule. It resists excessive downward glide and clavicular dislocation with shoulder depression Origin: Upper part of the sternal end of one clavicle Insertion: Upper part of the sternal end of the other clavicle Shoulder Ligament InjuriesShoulder ligaments are prone to damage. Anything that causes them to stretch beyond their elastic limit will cause them to tear, and repetitive friction on the shoulder ligaments can cause them to become inflamed and fray. What Causes Shoulder Ligament Injuries?Most shoulder ligament injuries are caused by either: Direct Trauma: to the shoulder e.g. fall. Most common in younger peopleRepetitive Friction: on the ligament e.g. from frequent overhead activities, which leads to inflammation and wear and tear. Most common in people over the age of 60.Shoulder ligament injuries are often associated with other shoulder injuries such as: Shoulder Bone Injuries: fractures or dislocationsShoulder Impingement Syndrome: narrowing of the subacromial spaceLabrum Tears: damage to the special ring of cartilage on the shoulder socket Symptoms Of Ligament TearsCommon symptoms of shoulder ligament injuries include: Shoulder Pain: pain gets worse with arm movements particularly raising your arm above your head or shrugging your shouldersInflammation: and swelling around the shoulderLimits Daily Activities: due to pain and resultant stiffness. May also affect sleepInstability: the shoulder may feel weak. People with shoulder ligament injuries often say they don’t trust their shoulder and feel like it is going to pop out. Deformity: obvious visual deformity at the affected shoulder joint if the ligament has completely rupturedThe symptoms will depend on which shoulder ligament is involved, the severity of the damage and whether any other structures are involved. Classification & TreatmentShoulder ligament tears can be classified into three categories: Grade 1: Minor tearing of one or more shoulder ligaments – less than 10% of fibres. Self-treat with rest, ice and over the counter medication. Usually heals in 3-6 weeksGrade 2: Partial or incomplete tear of one or more of the shoulder ligaments. May need to wear a sling for a few weeks. Usually heals in 6-12 weeksGrade 3: Complete tear or rupture of the shoulder ligament. May require arthroscopic (keyhole) surgery to repair or reattach the ligamentWith shoulder ligament injuries, it is vital to rebuild the stability at the shoulder to reduce the risk of further injury. One of the best ways to do this is with a rehab program that focuses on: Rotator Cuff Strengthening: exercises to improve the active stability at the shoulder from the rotator cuff musclesScapular Stabilisation: exercises to improve the stability and control around the shoulder blade Shoulder Ligaments SummaryThe shoulder ligaments are the main structures that provide passive stability at the shoulder. There are nine shoulder ligaments that work together to: Stabilize the shoulderReinforce joint capsulesHold the shoulder in placeReduce risk of shoulder dislocationLimit bone movement at the jointsShoulder ligament injuries are common and in most cases can be treated at home with rest, ice, medication and exercises. If you want like to find out more about the other structures in and around the shoulder, visit the anatomy of the shoulder section. If you are suffering from shoulder pain but don't think it is from the shoulder ligaments, check out the shoulder pain diagnosis section for help working out what is wrong. Page Last Updated: 24/05/2022Next Review Due: 24/05/2024 FacebookXPinterestTumblrRedditWhatsAppMessenger Related Articles![]() Pain At NightFebruary 05, 2023 ![]() Diagnosis ChartsSeptember 28, 2023 ![]() Rehab ExercisesDecember 12, 2023 |
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